Early Development: how pregnancy and birth factors impact Reflex and Speech/Language Development

From the moment of conception, a child's development is a complex and intricate process that can be influenced by various factors. Research shows that factors during pregnancy and birth can significantly impact a child's later development. The INPP Screening Questionnaire, developed by Peter Blythe and David McGlown, explores factors from conception to the present day that can influence early child development. In this article, we will discuss some of the key findings related to reflex development and speech and language development.

The Conception Process

Survival of the fittest occurs during natural conception, where the strongest sperm fertilises the healthiest egg. However, the IVF (in vitro fertilisation) babies' conception process is less rigorous, and additional hormones prescribed for the mother can have subtle effects on neural development. Studies show that IVF babies may experience coordination problems, which can impact motor development needed for postural control, balance, visual perception, reading, writing, and more. Additionally, IVF babies are more likely to be premature and have a lower birth weight, with a higher risk of twins. Fertility problems that led to IVF may also interfere with pregnancy and impact carrying the baby to full term.

Low Birth Weight Babies

Low birth weight babies are more likely to have cognitive, attention, and neuro-motor functioning problems. Placental insufficiency leading to foetal growth restriction is a significant risk factor for neurodevelopmental delay. A full-term pregnancy is 37-41 weeks, while premature birth occurs before 37 weeks, increasing the likelihood of prolonged special care and the need for medical intervention. Pre-term babies may experience periods of physical separation from the mother and reduced sensory stimulation, affecting later reflex development. Brain development is also affected by premature birth, with significant reductions in areas responsible for reading, language, emotion, and behaviour. Premature children may also require special educational help and are more likely to have below-average maths and reading skills.

High Blood Pressure in the Mother

High blood pressure in the mother during pregnancy reduces blood supply to the uterus, resulting in reduced oxygen and nutrients reaching the foetus. This can cause a small, immature baby, who may struggle with temperature control, be more susceptible to infection, jaundice, and anaemia. Maternal blood pressure can also impact the functioning of maternal organs and lead to pre-eclampsia, making premature labour more likely.

Excessive Vomiting

Excessive vomiting during pregnancy can present risks to the developing child. Prolonged and excessive vomiting depletes the mother of nutrients and causes dehydration, upsetting the electrolyte balance of her body. It can be harmful to both mother and baby and may predispose the baby to mild deficiencies affecting the child's digestive system's ability to process certain foods after birth.

Prolonged Bedrest

Threatened miscarriage can also impact later reflex development. Prolonged bed rest deprives the foetus of vestibular stimulation, which is the first of the sensory systems to mature and the only one fully myelinated at birth. The mother's movements stimulate the baby's movements in utero, which is when primitive reflexes are emerging.

Viral Infections

Viral infections, such as chickenpox or measles, during pregnancy can also present risks to the unborn child. Whilst vaccines such as MMR help prevent the spread of viruses, teratogens are most dangerous in the first twelve weeks of pregnancy. Antibiotics should be used cautiously during pregnancy as they can increase the chance of the baby developing asthma, allergies, or eczema.

Psychological Stress

Psychological stress experienced by the mother can affect foetal brain development and birth weight and lead to depression later in life. The adrenaline that rushes around the mother's system when they feel stressed also impacts the developing baby. Studies show that cortisol levels in the mother's body can affect foetal cortisol levels, which are linked to emotional regulation and stress response later in life. High levels of cortisol can lead to developmental delays in the areas responsible for memory, learning, and emotional regulation.

In conclusion,

Various factors during pregnancy and birth can impact a child's later development, including the conception process, low birth weight, high blood pressure in the mother, excessive vomiting, threatened miscarriage, viral infections, and psychological stress. It is important for expectant mothers to prioritise their health and wellbeing to ensure the healthy development of their child. Regular prenatal care, a healthy diet, and exercise can help mitigate some of these risks and promote optimal development.

Furthermore, if any of these factors have impacted your child’s neurodevelopment, there is comfort in remembering that the concept of neuroplasticity means that we can address immaturities in the nervous system at a later stage in life with the appropriate assessment tools and interventions.

If you have any questions or concerns, please contact our friendly admin team to find out more.

admin@thekeyclinic.co.uk

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